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brain herniation |
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- A brain herniation occurs when the brain pushes downward inside the skull. Part of the brain tissue is displaced down through the skull opening that leads into the neck. |
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bleeding |
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- Bleeding is any loss of blood from the body. Bleeding can occur either internally or externally. It can occur through a natural opening such as the vagina. Most bleeding occurs through a break in the skin. |
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cardiac tamponade |
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- Cardiac tamponade is a build-up of fluid in the pericardium, which is the thin membrane around the heart. This build-up obstructs the inflow of blood so that the ventricles, or lower chambers of the heart, cannot fill. |
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collarbone fracture |
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chronic subdural hematoma |
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- A chronic subdural haematoma is a buildup of blood between the membrane covering the brain, known as the dura, and the brain itself. This condition occurs as a result of a head injury and develops slowly over time. The trauma does not have to be significant to produce this condition. |
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concussion |
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- A concussion is the most common form of head injury. Most concussions are caused by a blow to the head or sudden, uncontrolled, rapid movement of the head. A concussion may cause temporary symptoms but not permanent brain damage. |
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corneal injury |
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- The cornea (corn-ee-ah) is the clear window on the front of the eye that covers the coloured iris and pupil. Injury to the cornea causes hazy vision and scarring. It can also cause a loss of vision. |
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dental injuries |
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- Dental accidents can happen to anyone at anytime. In an active world where many individuals enjoy sports activities, there is a risk of damaging the teeth. |
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choking in the conscious adult |
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- Choking in a conscious adult may occur when the upper airway, usually the throat or wind pipe, is blocked by an object or irritation. |
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dislocated elbow in children |
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- A dislocated elbow occurs when the head of the radial bone, one of the two bones of the lower arm, is moved out of place at the elbow. The dislocation results in pain and decreased movement of the elbow joint. It occurs most often in children younger than 5 years old. |
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first aid kit |
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- A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and materials that can be used as a first line of treatment for an injury or illness. |
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eye emergencies |
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- Eye emergencies can be divided into 3 levels: |
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hip fracture |
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- A hip fracture is another term for a broken hip. It is a complete or partial break in the top part of the thighbone. The thighbone, also called the femur, inserts into the hip joint. Broken hips occur more often in older people. In 1996 around 15,000 Australians sustained hip fractures. It is predicted that by 2006 the total number of hip fractures will have incresed by 36% to 21,000 per year. About 50% of cases occur in people age 80 or over. |
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first aid for difficulty breathing |
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- A person who has difficulty breathing is having trouble moving air in or out of the lungs. This can be the result of an airway obstruction, disease, severe allergic reaction, injury, or other medical condition. |
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central line |
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- A central line is a special intravenous, or IV, line that is inserted through the chest and threaded into one of the large veins that lie close to the heart. A central line has multiple ports that can be used to draw blood, give fluids, and monitor central venous blood pressure. |
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first aid for shock |
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- Shock occurs when blood flow throughout the body is decreased and the body tissues don't get enough oxygen. This lack of oxygen causes injury to many body systems. There may be brain, kidney, or heart damage; loss of a limb; and intestinal problems. |
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fishhook removal |
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- Removing a fishhook from the skin can be a difficult procedure. There are hundreds of different hook patterns. Hooks vary in size and shape according to their purpose. The parts of a hook include: point, which is the sharpened end of a hook that penetrates the fish's mouth barb, or the projection extending backward from the point of the hook bend, which is the bottom or curved part of the hook shank, or the upper portion of the hook that extends from the bend to the eye eye, or the hole or loop at the end of the shank through which the line is tiedWho is a candidate for the procedure? |
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foreign object in the eye |
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- Sometimes small objects get under the eyelid but do not penetrate the eyeball itself. These can cause irritation and discomfort in the eye and must be removed. |
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blood transfusion |
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- Blood transfusion is a procedure in which the blood or blood components from one person, called a donor, is given to another, called a recipient. Depending on the reason for the transfusion, the person may be given whole blood or a blood component, such as: red blood cells platelets blood clotting factors fresh frozen plasma white blood cells This blood can be obtained from many sources. Volunteer donors are carefully screened and interviewed before they are allowed to donate blood. Friends or family members can do a "directed donation." But, findings have shown that these donations are not any safer than those given by random donors. An autologous donation means that a person has donated his or her own blood to be stored for future use. This may be done prior to an elective surgery. |
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lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injury |
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- A lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injury involves the outside of the knee. It is usually a mild problem. There are three degrees of ligament injuries. A first-degree injury consists of only mild stretching of the ligament. There is no looseness. A second degree LCL is a partial tear of the ligament. In a third degree injury, the ligament is completely ruptured and the joint is unstable. |
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medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury |
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- A medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury involves some degree of stretching of the main ligament on the inside of the knee. |
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meniscus tear |
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- The meniscus is cartilage inside the knee joint. Tearing can occur on either side, the medial (inside) or lateral (outside). Meniscus is the name for either of two pieces of tough cartilage inside the knee joint. They are shaped like half moons and are sometimes called semilunar cartilage. One is on the medial side and one is on the lateral side. They act as cushions between the femur, or the thigh bone, and the tibia, which is the major bone of the lower leg, to which they are connected. |
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head injury |
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- A head injury is defined as any trauma to the head that may or may not permanently injure the brain. |
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neck pain |
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neck stiffness |
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- A stiff neck refers to a tightness or rigidity in the muscles supporting the neck. Nuchal rigidity refers to a stiffness that prevents bending of the neck and limits movement of the neck. Neck stiffness can be simply a mild discomfort and slight problem in moving the neck. Or it can be severe pain and the inability to move or bend the neck at all. |
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neck x-ray |
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intracerebral haemorrhage |
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- Intracerebral haemorrhage is a term for bleeding into the brain. |
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facial pain |
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increased intracranial pressure |
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how to make a sling |
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- A sling is a device that is made to hold an injured part of the body and limit its movement and relieve pain. |
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how to make a splint |
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- A splint is a rigid device that is used for supporting an injured body part. The use of a splint is usually considered to be temporary, to prevent movement until medical help is received. There are many splints that may be temporary but are used for longer periods of time. Sometimes people can remove their splints to change clothes and bathe and to reposition the splint. |
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haemoglobin |
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- Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. It carries oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body, and carries carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. A haemoglobin test measures the level of this protein in a sample of blood. |
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tracheostomy |
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human bites |
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- A human bite is a wound or tissue injury that results from one human biting another. |
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insect bites and stings |
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- An insect bite refers to a puncture wound in the skin caused by an insect when it stings or bites a human. |
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regional anesthesia |
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neck injury |
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- A neck injury is any injury to the soft tissue, bony, or nerve structures of the neck. |
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nose fracture |
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- A nose fracture is a break in the nasal bone. Though most of the nose is made of cartilage, a soft spongy material, the upper portion of the nose has a bone underneath it called the nasal bone. A nose fracture usually occurs after an injury to the face. |
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emergency department |
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intravenous line |
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myocardial contusion |
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hypothermia |
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posterior cruciate ligament injury |
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- This type of injury results from the tearing of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in its fibres or at its attachment to the femur or tibia. |
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sutures |
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facial swelling |
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replantation of digits |
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sprains, first aid |
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- A sprain is an injury that affects a ligament, a muscle, or a tendon. The sprain occurs when the ligament, muscle or tendon is extended beyond a greater range than normal for a particular joint. Ligaments are most often involved in sprain injuries. |
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smashed fingers |
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- Smashed or crushed fingers occur when fingers are caught between heavy objects. Trauma may occur to one or more fingers, most often the thumb. |
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splinter removal |
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- Splinter removal is a way to remove splinters of wood or other foreign bodies that are just under the skin. |
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unconsciousness, first aid |
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loss of consciousness |
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- Consciousness is the state of being aware of or responsive to the environment. A person who is conscious can perceive, both physically and mentally, what is happening. For many reasons, a person can sometimes lose consciousness, or become unconscious. |
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stress fracture |
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- A stress fracture is a small crack in a bone. Stress fractures usually occur in the foot, shin, outer leg, thigh, and back. |
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pneumothorax |
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- A pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the space between the lung and the inside lining of the chest wall. |
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tailbone trauma |
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- Tailbone trauma is any injury that occurs to the coccyx or tailbone, which is found at the base of the spine. |
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amputation |
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- Amputation is a surgery to remove a limb or part of a limb. Amputation can also happen as an accident, which is called a traumatic amputation. |
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ventilators |
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wrist fracture |
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whiplash |
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- Whiplash occurs when the neck is suddenly and forcibly bent backward and forward. This causes injury to the joints of the neck, known as the cervical vertebrae, and to the surrounding soft tissue. The most common causes of whiplash are motor vehicle accidents, especially when the vehicle is struck from the rear. |
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wounds |
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- A wound is any injury resulting in the breaking of the skin. Wounds can be punctures, crush wounds or abrasions or cuts. Wounds can also be caused by burns or cold. |
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