Alternative Names parentage testing, paternity testing, DNA test
Definition Identity testing is a method used to determine biological relationships, including sisters, brothers, and grandparents. It is most often used to establish the identity of a person's biological father, a process known as paternity testing.
Who is a candidate for the test? Most often the question of paternity comes up when a child is born out of wedlock. Many times inheritance is based on blood relationship.
Candidates for identity testing may include:
anyone who has doubts about the identity of his or her father
people involved in a dispute about an estate
people who were adopted, and want to be tested when they discover a possible biological parent
brothers and sisters who were separated early in life and want to prove that they are related to one another
individuals who are under criminal investigation
Government agencies may ask for paternity testing when they are enforcing child support laws.
How is the test performed? Identity testing is done by matching DNA samples taken from different people. If paternity is in question, a child and one or more potential fathers are tested. Each person submits a sample of blood or a scraping of cells from inside the cheek. Paternity testing can be done before a child is born, on cells collected from a foetus through amniocentesis. It can also be done on tissue collected from someone who has died.
Once a sample is gathered, DNA is extracted from it in a special laboratory. The DNA from the child is matched with that of the potential fathers. If there are one or more mismatches in the DNA, the individuals are not related. If there are no mismatches, the certainty that the man is the child's father is calculated. When the certainty reaches a very high level, the matching is stopped. Then the man is said to be the father within the reasonable limits of testing.
Different DNA labs match different DNA markers. Some laboratories may even use blood types to screen people before starting DNA testing. DNA labs also use different methods to determine an index, or probability, of paternity.
Testing for other relationships follows the same model, but is usually more complicated.
What is involved in preparation for the test? No preparation is needed for identity testing. It is important, however, to document the chain of custody of specimens and the identity of everyone being tested. Picture IDs, court orders, notarised statements, and fingerprinting may be required. Results will not be reliable if the person being tested has had a blood transfusion within several weeks of the testing.
What do the test results mean? Being excluded as the father through paternity testing is absolute. Being named the father is an assumption based on probability. The same can be said for other types of relationships.
Author: Ronald J. Jorgenson, DDS, PhD, FACMG Reviewer: eknowhow Medical Review Panel Editor: Dr John Hearne Last Updated: 14/1/2005 Contributors Potential conflict of interest information for reviewers available on request
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