Alternative Names NPD, narcissism, self-centeredness
Definition Someone with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) has an abnormal love of self, and is self-centered and self-absorbed. The person is unable to empathise with the effects of his or her behaviour on others.
What is going on in the body? Everyone has characteristic patterns of perceiving and relating to other people and events. These are called personality traits. Someone with a personality disorder is not aware that his or her behaviour or thought patterns are inappropriate. The individual often believes that his or her patterns are normal and right. A person with a narcissistic personality disorder has a sense of superiority and an exaggerated belief in his or her own value or importance.
What are the signs and symptoms of the condition? A person with narcissistic personality disorder may:
need constant attention and admiration
lack empathy
exaggerate achievements and talents
react to criticism with feelings of rage, shame, or humiliation
be impulsive, anxious, or envious of others
take advantage of others to achieve his or her own goals
expect special treatment
be preoccupied with ideas of unlimited success, power, brilliance, strength, and beauty
become quickly dissatisfied with others
Many of these traits are relatively common. During adolescence, they are to be expected, and do not indicate NPD.
What are the causes and risks of the condition? The cause of narcissistic personality disorder is unknown. One theory is that the parents of people who develop NPD need their children to be talented or special in order to maintain their own self-esteem.
What can be done to prevent the condition? There is no known prevention for narcissistic personality disorder.
How is the condition diagnosed? A psychological evaluation is performed, and the diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder is based on the pattern of symptoms. Psychological testing is sometimes used to help diagnose NPD.
What are the long-term effects of the condition? A person with narcissistic personality disorder tends to have stormy, and often unsuccessful, relationships. He or she may have a lot of trouble adjusting to the normal limitations of ageing.
What are the risks to others? Narcissistic personality disorder is not contagious, so there are no risks to others.
What are the treatments for the condition? Treatments include cognitive behavioural therapy, group therapy, and individual psychotherapy. Therapy may help the person relate to others in a more positive and rewarding way.
Medication is commonly used only as an adjunct to counselling and therapy. Antidepressants can help stabilise moods and treat any depression.
What are the side effects of the treatments? Side effects to medications vary, but may include drowsiness and allergic reactions.
What happens after treatment for the condition? In many cases, a person with narcissistic personality disorder does not comply with treatment.
How is the condition monitored? A person with narcissistic personality disorder should be followed closely by the doctor. If medications are used, blood levels should be checked periodically. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the doctor.
Author: Ann Reyes, Ph.D. Reviewer: HealthAnswers Australia Medical Review Panel Editor: Dr David Taylor, Chief Medical Officer HealthAnswers Australia Last Updated: 1/10/2001 Contributors Potential conflict of interest information for reviewers available on request
