Definition Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is an infection that causes inflammation and shedding, or peeling, of the skin. Bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus cause the infection.
What is going on in the body? Certain types of staphylococcal bacteria release a toxin that causes redness and peeling of the surface skin. A mild infection with these bacteria usually starts in a small area of the skin. However, the toxin that is released can get into the bloodstream and affect skin all over the body. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome usually occurs in infants and young children but is sometimes seen in adults.
What are the signs and symptoms of the infection? Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome usually progresses in a predictable way. The infection starts out as a small rash, usually around the nappy area or belly button in babies. In an older person, the infection usually starts on the face. Within 24 hours, mild flu-like symptoms, such as fever and malaise, start to occur. The area around the rash begins to get red and painful. The rash may spread all around the body. Large blisters then form in affected areas of the skin. These blisters break easily and the skin peels off when touched, often in large sheets.
Within 48 hours, the person may become very ill, with chills and high fever. The surface skin begins to fall off on its own, usually all over the body. Dehydration or salt imbalances can occur from large amounts of fluid that weep or ooze out of the damaged skin.
What are the causes and risks of the infection? Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by an infection with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Children less than 5 years old are at the highest risk. Adults with weakened immune systems and kidney failure also have a higher risk.
What can be done to prevent the infection? Most cases of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome cannot be prevented. Frequent hand washing can help stop the spread of this infection and prevent some cases. The infection can be spread between infants, or from the hands of a caregiver, which can cause outbreaks in a day care setting or baby nursery.
How is the infection diagnosed? The diagnosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is based on the history and physical examination. Culture samples are usually taken from the skin and inside of the nose. A soft swab is used to wipe these areas. The swab is then put in a container in which the bacteria are allowed to grow. If bacteria grow, they can be identified.
The diagnosis of SSSS is often confirmed with a skin biopsy. This involves scraping or removing a small piece of skin. The skin is then examined using a microscope.
What are the long-term effects of the infection? With treatment, most children recover within 2 weeks and have no long-term effects from staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. The skin usually grows back quickly. In some cases, severe dehydration, salt imbalances, and serious blood infections known as sepsis can occur. Though rare, death may result from these complications. Death is more common in adults than children.
What are the risks to others? Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome can be spread from person to person by contact with the infected skin. Those who handle infected infants and children may get the bacteria on their hands and spread it to others. Caregivers may be tested for the bacteria by swabbing the inside of the nose. This can identify carriers of the bacteria and help prevent spread of the infection.
What are the treatments for the infection? Treatment of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome involves antibiotics and skin care. The antibiotics can sometimes be given as a pill, but are usually given through an intravenous line (IV). An IV is a thin tube inserted through the skin and into a vein, usually in the hand or forearm. The areas of damaged skin must be protected from infection. Antibiotic creams or gels may need to be applied, as well as bandages or dressings. The child may need to be isolated from other children for a brief time to prevent spread of the infection to others. Dehydration and salt imbalances can be treated with fluids and salt given through an IV if needed.
What are the side effects of the treatments? Antibiotics may cause allergic reactions, stomach upset, or other side effects.
What happens after treatment for the infection? Most children with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome recover completely within a week or two. If treatment is not successful, death may occur. This is rare in children, but more common in adults with weakened immune systems.
How is the infection monitored? The skin of someone with scalded skin syndrome is monitored closely for any signs of new infection. Blood tests may be used to monitor the fluid and salt balance. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the doctor.
Author: Lynn West, MD Reviewer: HealthAnswers Australia Medical Review Panel Editor: Dr David Taylor, Chief Medical Officer HealthAnswers Australia Last Updated: 1/10/2001 Contributors Potential conflict of interest information for reviewers available on request
