Alternative Names low birth weight, small for gestational age, dysmaturity, intrauterine growth restriction
Definition Intrauterine growth retardation, or IUGR, is a condition in which a foetus grows at a slower rate than expected.
What is going on in the body? There are expected ranges of growth for a foetus at a given gestational age. The growth of a foetus depends on the health and nutrition of the mother and the health of the foetus. IUGR may occur if the health of the placenta or its blood supply is impaired. IUGR may also occur if the mother's nutrition, health, or lifestyle prevents a healthy pregnancy.
What are the signs and symptoms of the disease? There are often no symptoms of IUGR. Symptoms that do occur may include the following:
a uterus that is smaller than in previous pregnancies
fewer foetal movements than expected
What are the causes and risks of the disease? Women with certain conditions may be more likely to have a child with IUGR. These conditions include the following:
placenta abruptio, which is a premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
What can be done to prevent the disease? Most cases of IUGR cannot be prevented, especially if they are due to genetic causes. Some cases can be prevented by taking the following precautions:
eating a diet high in folate before and during pregnancy to protect against certain birth defects
How is the disease diagnosed? The diagnosis can be made with 2 tests: pregnancy ultrasound and the non-stress test. Ultrasound uses many measurements to evaluate expected foetal growth. The nonstress test measures the heart rate and the movement of the foetus. Other tests can be used to check for other conditions affecting the foetus.
What are the long-term effects of the disease? Long-term effects in the foetus before or during delivery include the following:
using minimal anaesthesia, although epidurals are safe
having a C-section or forceps delivery if foetal distress is detected
What are the side effects of the treatments? Treatments are intended to prevent serious complications in infants with IUGR. Side effects of surgery include bleeding, infection, and allergic reaction to anaesthesia.
What happens after treatment for the disease? Recovery from surgery may take a few days to several weeks, depending on the procedure used. The baby may be given oxygen, antibiotics, and intravenous fluids after delivery. An infant with cerebral palsy or seizures may need physical therapy. Other disabilities may require other treatments.
How is the disease monitored? The following may be used to monitor the pregnancy:
nonstress testing every week or two
biophysical profile every week or two. This test uses ultrasound and a series of measurements to determine the health status of the developing foetus.
Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the doctor.
Author: Eva Martin, MD Reviewer: HealthAnswers Australia Medical Review Panel Editor: Dr David Taylor, Chief Medical Officer HealthAnswers Australia Last Updated: 1/10/2001 Contributors Potential conflict of interest information for reviewers available on request
