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restless leg syndrome Alternative Names
nocturnal myoclonus, akathisia
Definition
Restless leg syndrome involves unusual sensations in the legs that cause frequent leg movements.
What is going on in the body?
No one knows exactly why restless leg syndrome occurs. People who suffer from restless leg syndrome have uncontrollable urges to move their legs. A feeling of discomfort in the leg prompts the need for movement. For some people, these sensations may be the result of nerve damage. The sensations may also be caused by decreased blood flow through some vessels in the legs.
These leg movements often occur after a person has gone to bed. This can make sleeping difficult. When the urge to move the leg happens during the day, a person may have to get up and walk around to relieve the discomfort.
What are the signs and symptoms of the condition?
A person with restless leg syndrome experiences unusual sensations that usually occur in the legs but sometimes are present in the arms and trunk. The sensations: - are described as burning, itching, crawling, pulling, or tugging but are rarely painful
- occur when the person is inactive and usually get worse at night
- cause an irresistible urge to move the legs
- are relieved by leg movements
- cause jerking movements of the legs when the person is sleeping and occasionally when the person is awake
- can occasionally cause restless movements of the feet or toes in the evening, when a person is sitting or lying down
- can make falling asleep difficult and can awaken the person from sleep
- contribute to fatigue and drowsiness during the day, since the person is not getting a good night's sleep
Many people do not think of this sensation in the legs as painful. The symptoms may worsen during periods of emotional upset or stress.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
While the exact cause of restless leg syndrome is unknown, there is a strong genetic link. It tends to run in families. In a recent study of identical twins with restless leg syndrome, 10 out of 12 pairs reported having the syndrome.
Restless leg syndrome is also more common in: - people who are 40 years of age or older
- individuals who are under a lot of stress
- pregnant women, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy
- people with disorders of nerves that supply the muscles and skin, called peripheral nerve diseases
- people with poor circulation who have intermittent limping, also called claudication, or leg pain that occurs when the person is walking
- people with anaemia, or a low red blood cell count. Many times, the anaemia is caused by a low level of iron or folic acid in the person's body.
- people with certain diseases and conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic renal failure, diabetes, and alcoholism
The symptoms of restless leg syndrome seem to be worsened by food and drinks that are high in caffeine.
What can be done to prevent the condition?
There is no sure way to prevent restless leg syndrome. Controlling diseases and conditions that contribute to the syndrome can help limit the intensity of the symptoms. Reducing stress levels may also help decrease symptoms.
How is the condition diagnosed?
A complete history and physical examination is the first step in diagnosing restless leg syndrome. Often, a person will need tests to rule out other problems such as peripheral nerve disease and pain that results from poor circulation to the leg muscles.
What are the long-term effects of the condition?
The most common long-term effect of restless leg syndrome is difficulty sleeping. This can reduce a person's quality of life. It can also result in the inability to sleep, called insomnia, and problems that stem from lack of sleep, such as depression, violence, and accidents.
What are the risks to others?
Restless leg syndrome is not contagious but does tend to run in families.
What are the treatments for the condition?
Treatment of restless leg syndrome begins with correction of any underlying disease or condition. For example, iron or folic acid supplements may be given to correct anaemia. The doctor will work with the person to treat other disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, poor circulation to the legs, and diabetes.
Lifestyle changes may help relieve the intensity of the symptoms of restless leg syndrome. A balanced diet following the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating will help. Food and drinks containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and chocolate, should be avoided. Moderate exercise can contribute to better sleep habits.
Because sleep is often disrupted in a person with restless leg syndrome, good sleep habits are important. Here are some guidelines for good sleep: - Choose a cool, comfortable, quiet environment for sleep.
- Go to bed at the same time every night.
- Get up at the same time every morning.
While the symptoms of restless leg syndrome cannot be completely relieved, some people get relief from: - relaxation techniques, such as biofeedback, yoga, or meditation
- stress management
- acupressure
- walking or stretching
- a hot or cold bath
- hot or cold packs
- massaging the legs
Certain medications, including levodopa/carbidopa or tranquillisers such as clonazepam or lorazepam, can also be helpful.
What are the side effects of the treatments?
Side effects of the medications used to treat restless leg syndrome include stomach upset and allergic reaction to the medication. Drowsiness and difficulty concentrating are side effects of tranquillisers. These medications can also be addictive. Levodopa/carbidopa may cause nausea, headache, and loss of appetite.
What happens after treatment for the condition?
Treatment of restless leg syndrome is lifelong. Often, the person can improve his or her quality of life by making appropriate lifestyle changes.
How is the condition monitored?
Restless leg syndrome is monitored through periodic visits to the doctor to discuss symptoms and appropriate treatment. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the doctor.
Author: James Broomfield, MD
Reviewer: HealthAnswers Australia Medical Review Panel
Editor: Dr David Taylor, Chief Medical Officer HealthAnswers Australia
Last Updated: 1/10/2001
Contributors
Potential conflict of interest information for reviewers available on request |
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